A spermiogram is a lab test that analyzes semen. Doctors will order it for couples who have been unable to conceive, and it is a prerequisite for sperm donors. This examination allows you to confirm or exclude the male factor for infertility.
What does the test check for?
A spermiogram determines the number of spermatozoa and other cells, while the motility, viability, and structure of spermatozoa are evaluated. But more complex analyses can also be done. For example, the DNA of germ cells can be analyzed, and the sample can be screened for potentially damaging inflammation and anti-sperm antibodies [1].
What "other cells" can be studied, and what can they affect?
These cells can be immature spermatozoa, white blood cells, or "fragments" of spermatozoa (individual heads and flagella). Their presence can point to a disease of the vas deferens (sperm ducts) or inflammation of the genitals.
Are the number and concentration of spermatozoa the same?
No. Concentration is the number of spermatozoa per 1 ml of sperm. The number refers to the total amount of spermatozoa in an ejaculation.
What is a normal sperm count?
Normality is a loose concept. For men, there is no clear boundary between fertility and infertility. Studies show that with a sperm concentration of 15 million/ml, the majority of men will be able to father a child [1]. Other indicators are also important, such as the motility of the reproductive cells, their correct structure, and whether they are stuck together.
What is sperm morphology?
The morphology of sperm refers to the structure. As a result of many years of research and comparisons, scientists have determined what the most competitive sperm should look like. These are spermatozoa that will be able to break through the shell of the egg and penetrate it. Rarely does the number of this competitive sperm exceed 25%. Just 4% is considered enough for conception.
Can sperm with an abnormal shape fertilize an egg?
Yes, it can. However, a high number of abnormal sperm may be associated with infertility. Typically, in such cases, both the mobility and overall quantity of sex cells are reduced. However, there are situations when pregnancy can still occur even with less-than-ideal analysis results [2].
What should we do if the spermiogram results are not promising?
In the first place, you may want to repeat the tests. Sometimes sperm quality is influenced by situational factors, like a recent fever, bath, or environmentally unfavorable conditions that can affect test results. In such cases, health indicators (including sperm quality) will return to normal after some time. If two tests in a row show less than favorable results, then your next step is to follow up with your urologist andrologist.
How do you take a spermiogram?
Before the test, patients have to abstain from sexual activity for two to seven days [1]. On the day of the collection, the man will go to the lab or clinic, thoroughly wash their genitalia, and induce ejaculation (condoms or lubricants are not to be used) to collect the sample in a lab container and submit it for screening.
